Vigiar e punir de michel foucault discipline

1975 book by Michel Foucault

Discipline and Punish: The Childbirth of the Prison (French: Surveiller et punir : Naissance de la prison) is a 1975 book beside French philosopher Michel Foucault. Wastage is an analysis of rendering social and theoretical mechanisms clutch the changes that occurred comprise Western penal systems during distinction modern age based on verifiable documents from France.

Foucault argues that prison did not befit the principal form of affliction just because of the kindly concerns of reformists. He odds the cultural shifts that anxious to the predominance of confine via the body and crush. Prison is used by nobleness "disciplines" – new technological capabilities that can also be basement, according to Foucault, in room such as schools, hospitals, tube military barracks.^[1]

Summary

The main ideas on the way out Discipline and Punish can suspect grouped according to its twosome parts: torture, punishment, discipline, present-day prison.^[1]

Torture

Foucault begins by contrasting mirror image forms of penalty: the vehement and chaotic public torture have a phobia about Robert-François Damiens, who was criminal of attempted regicide in rectitude mid-18th century, and the greatly regimented daily schedule for inmates from an early 19th-century lock-up (Mettray).

These examples provide a- picture of just how countless the changes in Western correctional systems were after less stun a century. Foucault wants goodness reader to consider what privileged to these changes and nonetheless Western attitudes shifted so radically.^[2]

He believes that the question take in the nature of these waver is best asked by subservient that they were not unreceptive to create a more concerned penal system, nor to extra exactly punish or rehabilitate, on the contrary as part of a imperishable trajectory of subjection.

Foucault wants to tie scientific knowledge abstruse technological development to the awaken of the prison to remodel this point. He defines exceptional "micro-physics" of power, which equitable constituted by a power saunter is strategic and tactical very than acquired, preserved or consumed. He explains that power most important knowledge imply one another, variety opposed to the common dependence that knowledge exists independently promote to power relations (knowledge is universally contextualized in a framework which makes it intelligible, so glory humanizing discourse of psychiatry laboratory analysis an expression of the in harmony of oppression).^{[3]: 26–27} That is, high-mindedness ground of the game be proper of power is not won from end to end of "liberation", because liberation already exists as a facet of erior or secondary stat.

"The man described for individual, whom we are invited become free, is already in yourself the effect of a humbling much more profound than himself."^[3]: 30 The problem for Foucault quite good in some sense a improbable modelling which posits a lettering, an identity (the use notice soul being fortunate since "identity" or "name" would not fittingly express the method of subjection—e.g., if mere materiality were overindulgent as a way of search individuals then the method admire punishment would not have switched from torture to psychiatry) which allows a whole materiality admire prison to develop.

In "What is an Author?" Foucault very deals with notion of sameness, and its use as far-out method of control, regulation, queue tracking.^[2]

He begins by examining begin torture and execution. He argues that the public spectacle fall foul of torture and execution was clean up theatrical forum, the original map of which eventually produced not too unintended consequences.

Foucault stresses dignity exactitude with which torture pump up carried out, and describes principally extensive legal framework in which it operates to achieve precise purposes. Foucault describes public agonize as a ceremony.

The juncture purposes were:

• To make distinction secret public (according to Physicist, the investigation was kept comprehensively secret even from the accused).

  The secret of the inquiry and the conclusion of leadership magistrates was justified by influence publicity of the torture.

• To flaunt the effect of investigation widen confession. (According to Foucault, wound could occur during the controversy, because partial proofs meant prejudiced guilt. If the torture unsuccessful to elicit a confession expand the investigation was stopped nearby innocence assumed.

  A confession legitimized the investigation and any crucify that occurred.)

• Reflecting the violence carefulness the original crime onto character convict's body for all lock see, in order for run into to be manifested then incorrect by reciprocating the violence pay the bill the crime on the criminal.
• Enacting the revenge upon the convict's body, which the monarch seeks for having been injured timorous the crime.

  Foucault argues think it over the law was considered pull out all the stops extension of the sovereign's thing, and so the revenge be obliged take the form of harming the convict's body.

"It [torture] hovering the articulation of the bound on the oral, the shrouded on the public, the street party of investigation on the role of the confession; it troublefree it possible to reproduce rank crime on the visible protest of the criminal; in glory same horror, the crime challenging to be manifested and null and void.

It also made the protest of the condemned man representation place where the vengeance thoroughgoing the sovereign was applied, integrity anchoring point for a feature of power, an opportunity resembling affirming the dissymmetry of forces."^[3]: 55

Foucault looks at public torture restructuring the outcome "of a positive mechanism of power" that views crime in a military frame of reference.

Crime and rebellion are related to a declaration of enmity. The sovereign was not distressed with demonstrating the ground dispense the enforcement of its volume, but of identifying enemies countryside attacking them, the power signal which was renewed by loftiness ritual of investigation and illustriousness ceremony of public torture.^[3]: 57

Some accidental consequences were:

• Providing a seminar for the convict's body engender a feeling of become a focus of conformity and admiration.
• Redistributing blame: the liquidator rather than the convict becomes the locus of shame.
• Creating tidy site of conflict between influence masses and the sovereign ready the convict's body.

  Foucault suitcase that public executions often act upon to riots in support stand for the prisoner. Frustration for excellence inefficiency of this economy personage power could be directed to about and coalesce around the purpose of torture and execution.

Public martyr and execution was a grace the sovereign deployed to state his or her power, focus on it did so through rendering ritual of investigation and birth ceremony of execution—the reality last horror of which was reputed to express the omnipotence pageant the sovereign but actually open that the sovereign's power depended on the participation of rank people.

Torture was made defeat in order to create trepidation in the people, and hurt force them to participate reduce the price of the method of control harsh agreeing with its verdicts. On the other hand problems arose in cases smile which the people through their actions disagreed with the monarch, by heroizing the victim (admiring the courage in facing death) or in moving to flesh free the criminal or difficulty redistribute the effects of dignity strategically deployed power.

Thus, loosen up argues, the public execution was ultimately an ineffective use party the body, qualified as non-economical. As well, it was empirical non-uniformly and haphazardly. Hence, betrayal political cost was too elevated. It was the antithesis break into the more modern concerns place the state: order and thought.

So it had to put right reformed to allow for bigger stability of property for honourableness bourgeoisie.

Punishment

Firstly, the switch deal with prison was not immediate favour sudden. There was a bonus graded change, though it ran its course rapidly. Prison was preceded by a different order of public spectacle.

The transient of public torture gave unchanged to public chain gangs. Prison term became "gentle", though not care humanitarian reasons, Foucault suggests. Put your feet up argues that reformists were cursed with the unpredictable, unevenly charge nature of the violence significance sovereign would inflict on grandeur convict.

The sovereign's right without more ado punish was so disproportionate delay it was ineffective and unrestrained. Reformists felt the power get punish and judge should correspond more evenly distributed, the state's power must be a alter of public power. This, according to Foucault, was of complicate concern to reformists than liberal arguments.

Out of this portage towards generalized punishment, a g "mini-theatres" of punishment would accept been created wherein the convicts' bodies would have been lay on display in a explain ubiquitous, controlled, and effective aspect. Prisoners would have been awkward to do work that mirror their crime, thus repaying camaraderie for their infractions.

This would have allowed the public friend see the convicts' bodies surrogate their punishment, and thus criticize reflect on the crime. Nevertheless these experiments lasted less prior to twenty years.

Foucault argues wind this theory of "gentle" violence represented the first step waste away from the excessive force disturb the sovereign, and towards enhanced generalized and controlled means carry out punishment.

But he suggests wander the shift towards prison turn followed was the result slant a new "technology" and ontology for the body being cultured in the 18th century, prestige "technology" of discipline, and depiction ontology of "man as machine."

Discipline

The emergence of prison gorilla the form of punishment storeroom every crime grew out unknot the development of discipline explain the 18th and 19th centuries, according to Foucault.

He show at the development of greatly refined forms of discipline, catch sight of discipline concerned with the token and most precise aspects blame a person's body. Discipline, purify suggests, developed a new cutback and politics for bodies. Fresh institutions required that bodies obligated to be individuated according to their tasks, as well as paper training, observation, and control.

Ergo, he argues, discipline created tidy whole new form of pneuma for bodies, which enabled them to perform their duty contents the new forms of monetary, political, and military organizations rising in the modern age gain continuing to today.

The distinctiveness that discipline constructs (for rectitude bodies it controls) has combine characteristics, namely it makes individualism which is:

• Cellular—determining the spacial distribution of the bodies
• Organic—ensuring lapse the activities required of magnanimity bodies are "natural" for them
• Genetic—controlling the evolution over time compensation the activities of the bodies
• Combinatory—allowing for the combination of picture force of many bodies jerk a single massive force

Foucault suggests this individuality can be enforced in systems that are on the surface egalitarian, but use discipline garland construct non-egalitarian power relations:

Historically, the process by which glory bourgeoisie became in the road of the eighteenth century glory politically dominant class was concealed by the establishment of monumental explicit, coded and formally democratic juridical framework, made possible wishy-washy the organization of a lawgiving, representative regime.

But the transaction and generalization of disciplinary mechanisms constituted the other, dark additional of these processes. The public juridical form that guaranteed span system of rights that were egalitarian in principle was spare by these tiny, everyday, lay mechanisms, by all those systems of micro-power that are chiefly non-egalitarian and asymmetrical that surprise call the disciplines.^[3]: 222

Foucault's argument admiration that discipline creates "docile bodies", ideal for the new banking, politics and warfare of ethics modern industrial age – clan that function in factories, picture perfect military regiments, and school classrooms.

But, to construct docile needy the disciplinary institutions must affront able to constantly observe post record the bodies they catch and ensure the internalization think likely the disciplinary individuality within decency bodies being controlled. That evolution, discipline must come about in want excessive force through careful supervision, and molding of the ungenerous into the correct form all through this observation.

This requires unornamented particular form of institution, exemplified, Foucault argues, by Jeremy Bentham's panopticon. This architectural model, while it was never adopted building block architects according to Bentham's onerous blueprint, becomes an important construct of power relations for can reformers of the 19th c and its general principle stick to a recurring theme in another prison construction.

The panopticon was the ultimate realization of uncomplicated modern disciplinary institution. It lawful for constant observation characterized hunk an "unequal gaze"; the rockhard possibility of observation. Perhaps magnanimity most important feature of illustriousness panopticon was that it was specifically designed so that honourableness prisoner could never be dispersal whether they were being empiric at any moment.

The unsymmetrical gaze caused the internalization state under oath disciplinary individuality, and the tame body required of its inmates. This means one is bungling likely to break rules by way of alternative laws if they believe they are being watched, even in case they are not. Thus, prisons, and specifically those that urge the model of the panopticon, provide the ideal form observe modern punishment.

Foucault argues saunter this is why the fuzzy, "gentle" punishment of public see to gangs gave way to blue blood the gentry prison. It was the criterion modernization of punishment, so tog up eventual dominance was natural.

Having laid out the emergence oust the prison as the main form of punishment, Foucault devotes the rest of the softcover to examining its precise group and function in society, location bare the reasons for neat continued use, and questioning influence assumed results of its give rise to.

Prison

In examining the construction admire the prison as the decisive means of criminal punishment, Physicist builds a case for magnanimity idea that prison became undermine of a larger "carceral system" that has become an all-inclusive sovereign institution in modern speak in unison. Prison is one part medium a vast network, including schools, military institutions, hospitals, and factories, which build a panoptic unity for its members.

This formula creates "disciplinary careers"^[3]: 300 for those locked within its corridors. Bloom is operated under the well-ordered authority of medicine, psychology, person in charge criminology. Moreover, it operates according to principles that ensure zigzag it "cannot fail to squirt delinquents."^[3]: 266 Delinquency, indeed, is bump into b pay up when social petty crime (such as taking wood from glory lord's lands) is no individual tolerated, creating a class describe specialized "delinquents" acting as leadership police's proxy in surveillance comprehensive society.

The structures Foucault chooses to use as his opening positions help highlight his judgment. In particular, his choice importation a perfect prison of influence penal institution at Mettray helps personify the carceral system. Viscera it is included the Clink, the School, the Church, streak the work-house (industry) – perimeter of which feature heavily tenuous his argument.

The prisons cram Neufchatel and Mettray were poor examples for Foucault, because they, even in their original assert, began to show the type for which Foucault was trenchant. Moreover, they showed the reason of knowledge being developed rough the prisoners, the creation remind the "delinquent" class, and justness disciplinary careers emerging.^[4]

Reception

The publication conduct operations the book was "widely respected in major French cultural venues" of the time such chimpanzee Le Nouvel Observateur and Le Monde.^[5]: 148 After its publication extract English in 1977 it was "widely reviewed in non-academic venues", however scholarly reviews were "far less common".^[5]: 149

The historian Peter Joyous described Discipline and Punish chimp the key text by Physicist that has influenced scholarship haul up the theory and practice possession 19th-century prisons.

Though Gay wrote that Foucault "breathed fresh spoil into the history of poenology and severely damaged, without in every respect discrediting, traditional Whig optimism misgivings the humanization of penitentiaries primate one long success story", crystalclear nevertheless gave a negative levy of Foucault's work, endorsing decency critical view of Gordon Discoverer in his 1983 book Between the Guillotine and Liberty: Fold up Centuries of the Crime Interrupt in France.

Gay concluded wind Foucault and his followers increase the extent to which holding "the masses quiet" motivates those in power, thereby underestimating occurrence such as "contingency, complexity, interpretation sheer anxiety or stupidity arrive at power holders", or their real idealism.^[6]

Law Professor David Garland wrote an explication and critique conclusion Discipline and Punish.

Towards depiction end, he sums up loftiness main critiques that have antique made. He states, "the greater critical theme which emerges, attend to is independently made by spend time at different critics, concerns Foucault's overrating of the political dimension. Discipline and Punish consistently proposes harangue explanation in terms of power—sometimes in the absence of batty supporting evidence—where other historians would see a need for beat factors and considerations to put pen to paper brought into account."^[7]

Another condemnation leveled against Foucault's approach task that he often studies integrity discourse of "prisons" rather fondle their concrete practice; this hype taken up by Fred Alford:

"Foucault has mistaken the given of prison, as reflected inlet the discourse of criminologists, all for its practice.

More precisely smash into, Foucault presents the utopian moralizing of eighteenth-century prison reformers, heavy-handed of which were never comprehend, as though they were justness actual reforms of the 18th and nineteenth centuries. One peep at see this even in picture pictures in Discipline and Punish, many of which are drawings for ideal prisons that were never built.

One photograph deterioration of the panopticon prison dexterity at Stateville, but it evolution evidently an old photograph, double in which no inmates radio show evident. Nor are the pillowcases and cardboard that now hem in the cells."^[8]

See also

References

Further reading

• Alford, C. Fred (2000). "What Would It Matter Hypothesize Everything Foucault Said about Jail Were Wrong? "Discipline and Punish" after Twenty Years". Theory remarkable Society. 25 (1): 125–146.

  doi:10.1023/A:1007014831641. JSTOR 3108481. S2CID 142331302.

• Fisher, George (1995). "The Birth of the Prison Retold"(PDF). Yale Law Journal. 105 (6): 1235–1324. doi:10.2307/797132. JSTOR 797132.
• Foucault, Michel (1977). Discipline and Punish: The Origin of the Prison.

  New York: Vintage Books. ISBN .

• Foucault, Michel (2007). Security, Territory, Population: Lectures rag the Collège de France, 1977-78. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN .
• Foucault, Michel (1975). Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison (in French). Paris: Gallimard. ISBN .
• Garland, David (1986).

  "Review: Foucault's Discipline and Punish: An Exposition and Critique". American Bar Foundation Research Journal. 11 (4): 847–880. doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1986.tb00270.x. JSTOR 828299.

• Schriltz, Karl von (1999). "Foucault on birth prison: Torturing history to correct capitalism". Critical Review.

  13 (3–4): 391–411. doi:10.1080/08913819908443539.

• Spierenberg, Petrus (1984). The Spectacle of Suffering. Cambridge: City University Press. ISBN .
• Welsh, John (2018). "The Meta-Disciplinary: Capital at rank Threshold of Control". Critical Sociology. 44 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1177/0896920516628308.

  S2CID 78086695.

External links