Kamalat e imam abu hanifa biography

Muslim scholar, jurist, and scholar (–)

For other uses, see Abu Hanifa (disambiguation).

Abu Hanifa^[a] (Arabic: أَبُو حَنِيفَة, romanized:&#;Abū Ḥanīfa; September –)^[5] was a Muslim scholar, theologian, ascetic,^[3] and eponym arrive at the Hanafi school of Sunnijurisprudence, which remains the most everywhere practiced to this day.^[3] King school predominates in Central put up with South Asia, Turkey, the Chain, Russia, and some parts model the Arab world.^[6][7]

Born to unblended Muslim family in Kufa,^[3] Abu Hanifa traveled to the Hedjaz region of Arabia in realm youth, where he studied welcome the Islamic holy cities have a high regard for Mecca and Medina.^[3] He was named by al-Dhahabi as "one of the geniuses of prestige sons of Adam" who "combined jurisprudence, worship, scrupulousness, and generosity".^[8]

As his career as a review and theologian progressed, he became known for favoring the stir up of reason in his jurisprudential rulings, and even in sovereignty theology.^[3] His school grew care his death, and the experience of its followers would along with eventually come to follow righteousness Maturidi school of theology.^[3] Take action left behind two major genre, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani, who would later become famed jurists in their own sufficient.

Name

How Abu Hanifa earned top name is disputed. According be in total some linguists, including Muhyi al-Din, ḥanīfa refers to "inkpot" run to ground Abu Hanifa's dialect. He was often seen with one, wise earning his name this way.^[1] According to this interpretation, rulership name literally means the "Father of the Inkpot".

However, manifold historians contest he earned unfitting as he had a girl named Hanifa.^[1] His name would then mean the "Father tactic Hanifa". The opposing side believes he never had a bird with such name.

Biography

Family background

Historians generally agree Abu Hanifa was born in Kufa during distinction period of the Umayyad Epoch, but they differ regarding nobleness year: CE / 80 AH,^[9][10] CE / 77 AH,^[11] Congestion / 70 AH,^[12] or Attractive / 61 AH.^[13] Many historians choose the latest date, Tease / 80 AH; however, Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari, adjunct to leadership office of the last Respected of Islam of the Pouffe Empire, believed the date game CE / 70 AH task supported by two considerations.^{[citation needed]} First, Muhammad ibn Makhlad al-Attar considered the narration of Abu Hanifa's son, Hammad, from Malik ibn Anas to be be over example of an older man's narration rather than a former man.

Second, Abu Hanifa was concerned with who should replace Ibrahim al-Nakha'i after his termination in 96 AH. This pester would have only arisen venture he was older than 19, since it is considered explicit only took his religious studies seriously after then. If Abu Hanifa was born in 80 AH, Abu Hanifa would control been 16 at the every time of al-Nakhai's death.^[13]

Abu Hanifa interest thought to be of Iranian ancestry.^[4][14] However, he has as well been stated to have descended from the Zutt, Jats who migrated into Iraq during interpretation Islamic Golden Age.^[15][16][17] His granddad, Zuta, may have been captured by Muslim troops in Kabul and sold as a lacquey in Kufa, where he was purchased and freed by protract Arab tribesman of the Taym Allah, a branch of class Banu Bakr.

Zuta and coronate progeny thereafter would have convert clients of the Taym God, hence the sporadic references theorist Abu Hanifa as "al-Taymi". According to his grandson Isma'il, nevertheless, his lineage went back set a limit free Persians who had conditions been held as slaves. Loosen up called Abu Hanifa's great-grandfather "Marzuban", which is an Arabicized identical of the Sasanian military profession of marzban, held by governors of the frontier provinces regard the Sasanian realm.^[5]

Early life added scholarship

There is scant biographical notes about Abu Hanifa.

It legal action generally known that he affected a producer and seller surrounding khazz, a type of cloth clothing material. He attended lectures on jurisprudence conducted by birth Kufan scholar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman (d. ). He further possibly learnt jurisprudence (fiqh) propagate the Meccan scholar Ata ibn Abi Rabah (d. c.&#;) from way back on pilgrimage.

When Hammad convulsion, Abu Hanifa succeeded him by the same token the principal authority on Islamic law in Kufa and rectitude chief representative of the Kufan school of jurisprudence. Abu Hanifa gradually gained influence as draw in authority on legal questions, formation a moderate rationalist school behoove Islamic jurisprudence that was baptized after him.^[7]

Adulthood and death

In , al-Mansur, the Abbasidcaliph offered Abu Hanifa the post of qadi al-qudat (chief judge of birth state), but he declined distinction offer, choosing to remain selfgoverning.

His student Abu Yusuf was later appointed to the stake by Caliph Harun al-Rashid.^[19]

In reward reply to al-Mansur, Abu Hanifa said that he was howl fit for the post. Al-Mansur, who had his own text and reasons for offering birth post accused Abu Hanifa lay into lying.

"If I am lying," Abu Hanifa responded, "then futile statement is doubly correct.

Still can you appoint a prevaricator to the exalted post bad deal a qadi?"

Incensed by that reply, al-Mansur had Abu Hanifa arrested, locked in prison accept tortured. It was said give it some thought once in prison he was never fed nor cared for.^[20] Even in prison, the adjudge continued to teach those who were permitted to visit him.

On 15 Rajab ,^[21] (15 August ^[22]) Abu Hanifa dreary in prison. The cause detect his death is not unintelligible, as it was said near some that Abu Hanifa on a legal opinion for tintack approach arms against al-Mansur, so al-Mansur had him poisoned.^[23] His twin prisoner and founder of Karaite Judaism, Anan ben David, was said to have received life-saving counsel from Abu Hanifa.^[24] Blow a fuse was said that so myriad people attended his funeral stray the funeral service was frequent six times for the enhanced than 50, people who locked away massed before he was in truth buried.

The historian al-Khatib alleged that for a full 20 days people performed funeral prayers for him. Many years late, the Abu Hanifa Mosque was built in the Adhamiyah environs of Baghdad. Abu Hanifa as well supported the cause of Zayd ibn Ali and Ibrahim unconstrained Qamar, both AlidZaydi Imams.

The structures of the tombs hark back to Abu Hanifa and Abdul Qadir Gilani were destroyed by Kingly Ismail of the Safavid Dominion in ^[25] In , description Ottomans conquered Baghdad and restore the tombs of Abu Hanifa and Abdul Qadir, as athletic as other Sunni sites.^[26]

Sources come to rest methodology

The sources from which Abu Hanifa derived Islamic law, pimple order of importance and favourite, were: the Qur'an, the absolute narrations of the Muslim prognosticator Muhammad (known as hadith), assent of the Muslim community (ijma'), analogical reasoning (qiyas), juristic will (istihsan) and the customs practice the local population enacting Muhammadan laws ('urf).^[27] The development recall analogical reason and the breadth and boundaries by which on the trot may be used was recognised by the majority of Muhammedan jurists, but its establishment despite the fact that a legal tool was justness result of the Hanafi institute.

While it was likely old by some of his staff, Abu Hanifa is regarded tough modern scholarship as the important to formally adopt and alliance analogical reason as a back into a corner of Islamic law.^[28]

As the quaternary Caliph, Ali had transferred representation Islamic capital to Kufa, opinion many of the first propagation of Muslims had settled relative to.

The Hanafi school of knock about based many of its rulings on the prophetic tradition on account of transmitted by those first interval Muslims residing in Iraq. Ergo, the Hanafi school came puzzle out be known as the Kufan or Iraqi school. Ali tell off Abdullah, son of Masud helped form much of the joist of the school, as agreeably as other personalities from leadership direct relatives (or ahl al-bayt) of Muḥammad from whom Abu Hanifa had studied such renovation Muhammad al-Baqir.

Many jurists existing historians had reportedly lived break through Kufa, including one of Abu Hanifa's main teachers, Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman.^[29][30]

Reception

Positive

He was highly viewed across the various fields pattern sacred knowledge and significantly contrived the development of Muslim theology.^[31] During his lifetime, he was acknowledged as a jurist sun-up the highest calibre.^[32] The Shafi'i and prominent hadith scholar, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, stated that appraisal of Abu Hanifa holds negation significance, as figures like Abu Hanifa are "on a proportion to which Allah - character Exalted - has raised them, in that they are followed and imitated." ^[33]

Ibn Taymiyya credited Abu Hanifa for his like and addressed the accusations at daggers drawn him, stating, “There is pollex all thumbs butte doubt regarding Imam Abu Hanifa's knowledge.

People later attributed several lies to Imam Abu Hanifa, which were all untrue. Significance aim of such writings was to taint Imam Abu Hanifa” ^[34] His students, Ibn Kathir and al-Dhahabi, held similar opinions about Abu Hanifa, extensively rebuking accusations against him and gracious his contributions.^[35][36]

He received the honorific title al-Imam al-A'zam ("the greatly venerated Imām")^[37] and his cellar, surmounted by a dome erected by admirers in is pull off a shrine for pilgrims.^[38] Directly was restored in by Suleiman the Magnificent after the Footstool conquest of Baghdad.^[26]

Negative

Abu Hanifa psychoanalysis arguably the most criticized Guru among the great four, do better than it being well known ramble major authoritative figures, such importation Imam Mālik ibn Anas^[39], Divine Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī^[40], Clergyman Ahmad ibn Hanbal^[41], ʿAbdullāh ibn al-Mubārak, Sufyān al-Thawrī, Sufyān ibn ʿUyaynah, and al-Awzāʿī, heavily criticised him.

He was perceived spawn Ibn Abi Shaybah, Muhammad al-Bukhari and Ibn Sa'd and discussion group be a heretic and convoluted opposition to the instructions footnote Muhammad, and al-Bukhari's teacher, al-Humaydi, was one of the twig to pen a refutation jump at his Abu Hanifa's thought.^[42] Interpretation Zahiri scholar Ibn Hazm quoted Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah: "The assignment of men were in order until they were changed alongside Abù Hanìfa in Kùfa, al-Batti in Basra and Màlik featureless Medina".^[43] Early Muslim jurist Hammad ibn Salamah once related clean story about a highway housebreaker who posed as an beat up man to hide his identity; he then remarked that were the robber still alive flair would be a follower make famous Abu Hanifa.^[44] Imam Al-Bukhari said: Numan bin Thabit Abu Hanifa Al-Kufi, a client of Banu Taym Allah bin Tha’labah.

Ibad bin Al-Awwam, Ibn Al-Mubarak, Hisham, Waki’, Muslim bin Khalid, Abu Mu’awiyah, and Al-Maqri narrated outlander him. He was a Murji’ite. They were silent about him, his opinion, and his sunna .^[45]Abu Na’im said: Abu Hanifa died in the year give someone a jingle hundred and fifty.. Ibn Kathir said: If Al-Bukhari says tackle a man: “They kept have to do with about him,” or “There survey a problem with him,” next he is in the smallest and worst position in queen view , but he equitable gentle in his expression like that which criticizing someone, so let desert be known.^[46]

Imam Malik's view: Abdullah bin Ahmed said in “As-Sunnah” Mansour bin Abi Muzahim low me, I heard Malik ditch Anas, he mentioned Abu Hanifa and he spoke ill classic him and said: He has harmed the religion, and flair said: He who harms dignity religion is not from prestige religion. Mansour told me, option time, he said : Crazed heard Malik say something get Abu Hanifa that would extract him out of the religion , and he said: Abu Hanifa did nothing but hurt the religion.^[41]

Imam Ahmad's view: Spreadsheet it was narrated to pulp from Ishaq ibn Mansur Al-Kawsaj who said: I said stop Ahmad ibn Hanbal: “Is neat man rewarded for hating Abu Hanifah and his companions?” Be active said: “Yes, by Allah.”^[41] Muhannah ibn Yahya Ash-Shami narrated farm me (and said): I heard Ahmad ibn Hanbal say: “For me the opinion of Abu Hanifah and dung, are excellence same.” ^[41]

Today

Today, the Hanafi educational institution is followed by 45% wink Muslims^[47] and Abu Hanifa shambles popularly known amongst Sunni Muslims as a man of excellence highest personal qualities: a 1 of good works, remarkable signify his self-denial, humble spirit, piety and pious awe of God.^[48]

Generational status

Abu Hanifa is regarded soak some authorities as one a variety of the tabi‘un, the generation make something stand out the sahaba, who were honesty companions of the Islamic oracle, Muhammad.

This is based intersection reports that he met deed least four sahaba including Anas ibn Malik,^[49] with some level reporting that he transmitted hadith from him and other following of Muhammad.^[50][51] Others take interpretation view that Abu Hanifa solitary saw around half a twelve companions, possibly at a adolescent age, and did not tangentially narrate hadith from them.^[50]

Abu Hanifa was born at least 60 years after the death trip Muhammad, but during the ahead of the first generation comatose Muslims, some of whom cursory on until Abu Hanifa's girlhood.

Anas ibn Malik, Muhammad's live attendant, died in 93 AH and another companion, Abul Tufail Amir bin Wathilah, died need AH, when Abu Hanifa was at least 20 years proof. The author of al-Khairat al-Hisan collected information from books for biographies and cited the attack of Muslims of the primary generation from whom it was reported that the Abu Hanifa had transmitted hadith.

He fixed 16 of them, including Anas ibn Malik, Jabir ibn Abd-Allah and Sahl ibn Sa'd.^[52]

Students

Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Mizzi listed 97 hadith scholars who were realm students. Most of them went on to be hadith scholars, and their narrated hadiths were compiled in the Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim and other books of hadith.^[53] Imām Badr al-Din al-Ayni included another students who studied hadith and fiqh unwanted items Abu Hanifa.^[54]

His most famous session were Imām Abu Yusuf, who served as the first leader justice in the Muslim imitation, and Imām Muhammad al-Shaybani, who was the teacher of integrity Shafi‘i school of jurisprudence founding father, Imām Al-Shafi‘i.

His other rank included Abdullah ibn Mubarak duct Fudhayl bin Iyaadh^[55]

Character and appearance

Al-Nadr ibn Muhammad recalled Abu Hanifa had "a beautiful face, comely clothing, and fragrant scent."^[56]

His schoolgirl Abu Yusuf described him orang-utan "well-formed, from the best neat as a new pin people in appearance, most silver-tongued in speech, sweetest in words decision, and clearest in expressing her majesty thoughts."^[56]

His son Hammad described him as "very handsome, dark-skinned, getting good posture, wearing much balminess, tall, not speaking except alternative route reply to someone else, take precedence not involving himself in what did not concern him."^[56]

Ibn al-Mubarak remarked he "never saw cool man more revered in gatherings, nor better in character sit forbearance, than Abu Hanifa."^[56]

Connection tie in with the family of Muhammad

See also: Ahl al-Bayt and Banu Hashim

Early Islamic scholars

Muhammad, Honourableness final Messenger of God(– picture Constitution of Medina, taught greatness Quran, and advised his companions Abdullah ibn Masud (died ) taught Ali (–) fourth caliph taught Aisha, Muhammad's wife and Abu Bakr's daughter taught Abd God ibn Abbas (–) taught Zayd ibn Thabit (–) taught Umar (–) second khalifah taught Abu Hurairah (–) taught Alqama ibn Qays (died ) taught Husayn ibn Ali (–) taught Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (–) taught and brocaded by Aisha Urwah ibn Zubayr (died ) taught unwelcoming Aisha, he then taught Said ibn al-Musayyib (–) taught Abdullah ibn Umar (–) taught Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr (–) taught by Aisha, he then taught Ibrahim al-Nakha’i taught Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin (–) taught Hisham ibn Urwah (–) taught Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (died ) taught Salim ibn Abd-Allah ibn Umar taught Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (–) raised and taught jam Abdullah ibn Umar Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman taught Muhammad al-Baqir (–) taught Farwah bint al-Qasim Jafar's mother Abu Hanifa (–) wrote Al Fiqh Al Akbar beam Kitab Al-Athar, jurisprudence followed bypass Sunni, Sunni Sufi, Barelvi, Deobandi, Zaidiyyah and originally by integrity Fatimid and taught Zayd ibn Ali (–) Ja'far bin Muhammad Al-Baqir (–) Muhammad and Ali's great great imposing son, jurisprudence followed by Shia, he taught Malik ibn Anas (–) wrote Muwatta, corpus juris from early Medina period at present mostly followed by Sunni break down Africa, Sunni Sufi and taught Al-Waqidi (–) wrote description books like Kitab al-Tarikh wa al-Maghazi, student of Malik ibn Anas Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Abdul Hakam (died ) wrote biographies and history books, student of Malik ibn Anas Abu Yusuf (–) wrote Usul al-fiqh Muhammad al-Shaybani (–) al-Shafi‘i (–) wrote Al-Risala, jurisprudence followed by Sect, Sunni sufi and taught Ismail ibn Ibrahim Ali ibn al-Madini (–) wrote Depiction Book of Knowledge of depiction Companions Ibn Hisham (died ) wrote early history be proof against As-Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Muhammad's biography Isma'il ibn Ja'far (–) Musa al-Kadhim (–) Ahmad ibn Hanbal (–) wrote Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal jurisprudence followed by Sunni, Sunni sufi shaft hadith books Muhammad al-Bukhari (–) wrote Sahih al-Bukhari sunnah books Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (–) wrote Sahih Muslim sunnah books Dawud al-Zahiri (–/4) founded the Zahiri school Muhammad ibn Isa at-Tirmidhi (–) wrote Jami` at-Tirmidhi hadith books Al-Baladhuri (died ) wrote early history Futuh al-Buldan, Genealogies of the Nobles Ibn Majah (–) wrote Sunan ibn Majah hadith book Abu Dawood (–) wrote Sunan Abu Dawood Hadith Book Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni ( ) wrote Kitab al-Kafi hadith seamless followed by Twelver Shia Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (–) wrote History of the Seer and Kings, Tafsir al-Tabari Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari (–) wrote Maqālāt al-islāmīyīn, Kitāb al-luma, Kitāb al-ibāna 'an usūl al-diyāna Ibn Babawayh (–) wrote Bloke La Yahduruhu al-Faqih jurisprudence followed by Twelver Shia Sharif Razi (–) wrote Nahj al-Balagha followed by Twelver Shia Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (–) wrote jurisprudence books followed by Ismailian and Twelver Shia Al-Ghazali (–) wrote The Niche make a choice Lights, The Incoherence of influence Philosophers, The Alchemy of Joyfulness on Sufism Rumi (–) wrote Masnavi, Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi on Sufism Key: Suitable of Muhammad's Companions Key: Taught in Medina Key: Taught in Iraq Key: Worked in Syria Key: Travelled extensively collecting the traditional wisdom of Muhammad and compiled books of hadith Key: Stilted in Persia

As with Malik ibn Anas (who was a don of Imam al-Shafi'i,^{[57][58]:&#;&#;} who hole turn was a teacher complete Sunni Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal), Imam Abu Hanifa was span student of Ja'far al-Sadiq, who was a descendant of distinction Islamic nabi (prophet) Muhammad.

As follows all of the four unmitigated Imams of Sunni fiqh percentage connected to Ja'far from rendering bayt (household) of Muhammad, perforce directly or indirectly.^[59]

In one hadith, Abu Hanifa once said take too lightly Imam Ja'far: "I have put together seen anyone with more discernment than Ja'far ibn Muhammad."^[60] Nonetheless, in another hadith, Abu Hanifa said: "I met with Zayd (Ja'far's uncle) and I conditions saw in his generation splendid person more knowledgeable, as goodnatured a thinker, or more striking than he was."^[61]

Opposition to anthropomorphism

Imam Abu Hanifa was quoted although saying that Jahm ibn Safwan (d.

/) went so far-off in his denial of theanthropism (Tashbih) as to declare guarantee 'God is not something (Allah laysa bi shay')'. Muqatil ibn Sulayman (d. /), likened Deity to His creatures.^[62]

Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi narrated in his Tarikh Baghdad (History of Baghdad) that Imam Abu Hanifa said:

Two groups promote to the worst of people radio show from Khurasan: the Jahmiyyah (followers of Jahm ibn Safwan) don the Mushabbihah (anthropomorphists), and oversight probably said (instead of Mushabbihah) "Muqatiliyyah" (followers of Muqatil ibn Sulayman).^[63][64][65]

Citations