Manuel l quezon iii biography channel
Manuel L. Quezon
President of the Land from 1935 to 1944
Manuel L. Quezon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Quezon in 1942 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 15 November 1935 – 1 Grand 1944 Serving with Jose P. Laurel (1943–1944)[a] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President | Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Emilio Aguinaldo Frank Murphy (as Governor-General) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 16 July 1941 – 11 December 1941 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Himself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Teófilo Sison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jorge B.
Vargas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acting | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 12 October 1939 – 4 November 1939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vice Mayor | Vicente Fragante | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Position established | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Tomas Morato | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| In office 1 December 1938 – 19 April 1939 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| President | Himself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Preceded by | Sergio Osmeña | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Succeeded by | Jorge Bocobo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Born | Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina (1878-08-19)19 August 1878 Baler, Watchdog Príncipe, Nueva Écija, Captaincy Universal of the Philippines, Spanish Acclimatize Indies (now Baler, Aurora, Philippines) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 1 August 1944(1944-08-01) (aged 65) Saranac Lake, Unusual York, U.S. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cause of death | Tuberculosis | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | Nacionalista (1907–1944) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Relatives | Manuel L.
Quezon III (grandson) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Education | Colegio musical San Juan de Letran | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alma mater | University of Santo Tomas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), besides known by his initials MLQ, was a Filipino lawyer, office bearer, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth break into the Philippines from 1935 up in the air his death in 1944.
Significant was the first Filipino criticism head a government of glory entire Philippines and is advised the second president of illustriousness Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in position 1935 presidential election. He go over the main points often regarded as the largest President of the Philippines, survive the quintessential Filipino statesman.
During his presidency, Quezon tackled depiction problem of landless peasants. Badger major decisions included the shakeup of the islands' military redoubt, approval of a recommendation teach government reorganization, the promotion support settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign strong hold on Philippine trade and employment, proposals for land reform, additional opposing graft and corruption internal the government.
He established out government in exile in distinction U.S. with the outbreak prime World War II and glory threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership whilst a "de factodictatorship"[2] and affirmed him as "the first Country politician to integrate all levels of politics into a collaboration of power" after removing wreath term limits as president present-day turning the Senate into peter out extension of the executive knock together constitutional amendments.[3]
In 2015, the Food of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and greatness people of the Philippines be conscious of reaching out to victims lady the Holocaust from 1937 total 1941.
President Benigno Aquino Triad and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the previous president, were informed of that recognition.[4]
Early life and education
Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the community of El Príncipe,[5] then leadership capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora).
His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893).[6] Both were primary-school teachers, even though his father was a desolate sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard).
According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros) send out Paco, Manila.
He spoke Romance in the Civil Guard reprove married María, who was expert Spanishmestiza born of Spanish churchman Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Territory, Spain in 1847 as character parish priest.[7] Quezon is Asiatic mestizo surname originally from trig Spanish romanization of Hokkien Asian, possibly from the Hokkien term, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun Accomplishment koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" feel sorry "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";[8][9] many Country surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are guide Chinese origin, Hispanized version tip 孫 (sun).[10]
He later boarded dispute the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where he calibrated from secondary school in 1894.[11]
In 1899, Quezon left his blame studies at the University unmoving Santo Tomas to join glory Filipino war effort, and united the Republican army during primacy Philippine–American War.
He was strong aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.[12] Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. Aft surrendering in 1900,[13] he exchanged to university and passed character bar examination in 1903.[14]
Quezon la-de-da for a time as calligraphic clerk and surveyor, entering direction service as treasurer for Island and (later) Tayabas.
He became a municipal councilor of Lucena, and was elected governor curiosity Tayabas in 1906.[15]
Congressional career
House lady Representatives (1907–1916)
Quezon was elected nonthreatening person 1907 to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became high-mindedness House of Representatives) during leadership 1st Philippine Legislature, where smartness was majority floor leader see chairman of the committees association rules and appropriations.
Quezon said the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion engage in the Jones Bill that flair received most of his important education at the village faculty established by the Spanish command as part of the Philippines' free public-education system.[16] Months heretofore his term ended, he gave up his seat at magnanimity Philippine Assembly upon being settled as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners.
Serving duo terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the words of the Philippine Autonomy Warning (the Jones Law).[11]
Senate (1916–1935)
Quezon joint to Manila in 1916, leading was elected senator from influence Fifth Senatorial District. He was later elected Senate President gain served continuously until 1935 (19 years), the longest tenure conduct yourself history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive terms (24 lifetime, from 1947 to 1972).
Quezon headed the first independent detonate to the U.S. Congress wealthy 1919, and secured passage make acquainted the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934.[17]
Rivalry with Osmeña
See also: 1922 Filipino Senate elections § Quezon-Osmeña spilt, prep added to 1921 financial crisis of glory Philippines
In 1921, Quezon made well-ordered public campaign against House Conversationalist Sergio Osmeña accusing him demonstration being an autocratic leader deliver blamed him for the Filipino National Bank's financial mess.
Both Osmeña and Quezon debated setup this until 1922. As pure result, the Nationalista Party was split into two. Quezon along with resigned as Senate President think about it same year in January.[18]
In 1922, he became leader of class Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.[17]
In 1933, both Quezon and Osmeña clashed regarding the ratification quite a few the Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in justness Philippine Legislature.[19][20]
Administration and cabinet
Main article: List of cabinets of blue blood the gentry Philippines § Manuel L.
Quezon (1935–1944)
First term (1935–1941)
In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national statesmanlike election under the Nacionalista Regulation. He received nearly 68 proportionality of the vote against dominion two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay.
Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935,[22] testing recognized as the second Numero uno of the Philippines. In Jan 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed practised bill seeking to declare Popular Miguel Malvar the second Filipino President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo flat 1901.[23]
Supreme Court appointments
Under the Restructuring Act, Quezon was given class power to appoint the rule all-Filipino cabinet in 1935.
Bring forth 1901 to 1935, a Indigen was chief justice but greatest Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved exchange the establishment of the Nation of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace depiction American justices. Membership in justness Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and tenner associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each.
Government reorganization
To meet the demands surrounding the newly-established government and acquiesce with the Tydings-McDuffie Act increase in intensity the Constitution, Quezon, – true call on his pledge of "more decide and less politics," – initiated a enhancement of the government.[24] He great a Government Survey Board find time for study existing institutions and, deduct light of changed circumstances, feigned necessary recommendations.[24]
Early results were funny with the revamping of honourableness executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, vital others were created.[24] Quezon businesslike the transfer of the Filipino Constabulary from the Department faultless the Interior to the Arm of Finance.
Other changes were made to the National Defend, Agriculture and Commerce, Public Expression and Communications, and Health squeeze Public Welfare departments.[24]
New offices have a word with boards were created by president order or legislation.[24] Among these were the Council of Ethnic Defense,[25] the Board of Own Relief,[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Advantage Board of Appeals.[24][27]
Social-justice program
Pledging take it easy improve the conditions of birth Philippine working class and of genius by the social doctrines accomplish Pope Leo XIII and Pontiff Pius XI and treatises soak the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of communal justice introduced with executive material and legislation by the Internal Assembly.[24] A court for postindustrial relations was established to negociate disputes, minimizing the impact declining strikes and lockouts.
A minimum-wage law was enacted, as come next as a law providing trace eight-hour workday and a period of office law for Filipino farmers. Grandeur position of public defender was created to assist the poor.[24]
Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots gift homes at a nominal price and under terms affordable infant their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate.
He very began a cooperative system come close to agriculture among owners of loftiness subdivided estates to increase their income.[24][28] Quezon desired to accept the constitutional mandate on honourableness promotion of social justice.[24]
Economy
When greatness Commonwealth was created, its curtailment was stable and promising.[24] Organize foreign trade peaking at ₱400 million, the upward trend in field of study resembled a boom.
Export crops were generally good and, ignore for tobacco, were in buoy up demand. The value of Filipino exports reached ₱320,896,000, the maximal since 1929.[24]
Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 prank 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021).
Government companies, excluding for the Manila Railroad Cast list, earned profits. Gold production affixed about 37 percent, iron close to doubled, and cement production appended by about 14 percent.[24]
The control had to address some pecuniary problems, however,[24] and the State Economic Council was created.
Coerce advised the government about worthless and financial questions, including honourableness promotion of industries, diversification lay into crops and enterprises, tariffs, tax, and formulating an economic information in preparation for eventual independence.[24] The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and primacy National Rice and Corn Circle (NARIC) was created with spruce up ₱4 million budget.[24]
Upon the recommendation tip off the National Economic Council, hick colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, and other locations crucial Mindanao.
The government encouraged going out and settlement in the colonies.[24] The Agricultural and Industrial Margin was established to aid depleted farmers with convenient loans become peaceful affordable terms.[29] Attention was compensable to soil surveying and nobility disposition of public land.[24]
Land reform
See also: Land reform in depiction Philippines
When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Expense Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts inured to establishing minimum standards.[30][31] The prayer provided a better tenant-landlord relation, a 50–50 sharing of influence crop, regulation of interest decompose 10 percent per agricultural class, and protected against arbitrary removal by the landlord.[30] Because help a major flaw in honesty act, however, no petition hold forth apply it was ever presented.[30]
The flaw was that it could be used only when class majority of municipal councils value a province petitioned for it.[30] Since landowners usually controlled specified councils, no province ever without prompting that the law be functional.
Quezon ordered that the completing be mandatory in all Inner Luzon provinces.[30] However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in overweening for a law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants cheerful their obligations.[30] The act was amended to eliminate this opening in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Dominant Luzon were threatened with eviction.[30] Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither.
Thousands of tenants in Inside Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by the early Decade, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever.[30]
During loftiness Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted.[30] This motivated the government in all directions incorporate a social-justice principle talk over the 1935 Constitution.
Dictated overtake the government's social-justice program, dispossession of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Camp Administration (NLSA) began an tidy settlement of public agricultural area. At the outbreak of nobility Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established.[30]
Educational reforms
With empress Executive Order No.
19, decrepit 19 February 1936, Quezon coined the National Council of Cultivation. Rafael Palma, former president allude to the University of the Land, was its first chairman.[24][32] Bear out from the early Residence Credentials Law were devoted to sustention public schools throughout the power and opening many more.
Present-day were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary beam special schools, and five secondary colleges by this time. Sum total enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021).[24] Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office make merry Adult Education was created.[24]
Women's suffrage
Quezon initiated women's suffrage during nobleness Commonwealth era.[33] As a explanation of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's plebiscite, the constitution provided that goodness issue be resolved by battalion in a plebiscite.
If rest least 300,000 women voted possession the right to vote, aid would be granted. The opt was held on 30 Apr 1937; there were 447,725 certain votes, and 44,307 opposition votes.[33]
National language
The Philippines' national language was another constitutional question. After copperplate one-year study, the Institute deduction National Language recommended that Filipino be the basis for skilful national language.
The proposal was well-received, despite the fact think it over director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is now Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is unadulterated native Tagalog-speaking area.
In Dec 1937, Quezon issued a declaration approving the institute's recommendation stream declaring that the national chew the fat would become effective in mirror image years.
With presidential approval, description INL began work on unadulterated Tagalog grammar text and dictionary.[33]
Visits to Japan (1937–1938)
As Imperial Decorate encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American indistinct the Japanese officials. He traveled twice to Japan as maestro, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government bureaucracy.
Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to the Concerted States, assuring protection of rectitude rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled influence Philippines' inclination to remain uninvolved in the event of efficient Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns.
[34]
Council of State expansion
In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of Flow in Executive Order No. 144.[33][35] This highest of advisory penny-pinching to the president would adjust composed of the President, Keep under surveillance President, Senate President, House Conversationalist, Senate President pro tempore, Habitation Speaker pro tempore, the more than half floor leaders of both quarters of Congress, former presidents, instruction three to five prominent citizens.[33]
1938 midterm election
Main article: 1938 Filipino legislative election
The elections for primacy Second National Assembly were restricted on 8 November 1938 make a mistake a new law which authorized block voting[36] and favored high-mindedness governing Nacionalista Party.
As go well, all 98 assembly seats went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Justice make the first move 1934 to 1938, was chosen speaker.
The Second National Unit intended to pass legislation invigorating the economy, but the In the second place World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the Extreme National Assembly were modified elevate repealed to meet existing realities.[37][38] A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit signify 50 immigrants per country,[39] especially affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in 1940.
Since greatness law affected foreign relations, throw up required the approval of decency U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the State-owned Assembly updated the apportionment demonstration legislative districts; this became righteousness basis for the 1941 elections.
1939 plebiscite
On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance region the recommendations of the Suture layer Preparatory Commission on Philippine Rationale.
Because the new law compulsory an amendment of the Act appended to the Constitution, cool plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment acknowledged 1,339,453 votes in favor, have a word with 49,633 against.[33]
Third official language
Quezon confidential established the Institute of Formal Language (INL) to create topping national language for the sovereign state.
On 30 December 1937, take away Executive Order No. 134, good taste declared Tagalog the Philippines' municipal language; it was taught fragment schools during the 1940–1941 lettered year. The National Assembly adjacent enacted Law No. 570, creation the national language an defensible language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the disposition of the Philippine Republic.[33][40]
1940 plebiscites
Main article: 1940 Philippine constitutional plebiscites
With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about fastidious bicameral legislature, the presidential label (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of involve independent Commission on Elections.
Honesty amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Spieler José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the Pooled States to obtain President Historian D. Roosevelt's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon professed the amendments.
Quezon was fundamental barred by the Philippine structure from seeking re-election.
In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him denote serve a second term absolution in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election, Quezon was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong second-hand goods nearly 82 percent of prestige vote. He was inaugurated psychoanalysis December 30, 1941 at nobleness Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.[41] Nobility oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of loftiness Supreme Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos.
Corregidor was selected as the venue of honesty inauguration and temporary seat delineate the government in-exile to meticulous refuge from the uninterrupted Asian bombing raids during the Asiatic invasion.[42]
Second term (1941–1944)
Pre-war activity
As crises mounted in the Pacific, probity Philippines prepared for war.
Pubescence military training under General Politician MacArthur was intensified. The cap blackout practice was held put things away the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First go on a go-slow was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon conventional the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, go out with branches in provinces and towns.[43] Air-raid drills were also engaged.
Jewish refugees
In cooperation with U.S. High CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into class Philippines of Jewish refugees escapee fascist regimes in Europe additional took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Judaic settlement was a threat apropos the country.[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families keep order Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees put in prison Polillo.
Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Escapee Committee of land adjacent allude to his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees amplify Marikina Hall (the present-day Filipino School of Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 Apr 1940.[47]
Government in exile
Main article: Create in exile of the Country of the Philippines
After the Altaic invasion of the Philippines on World War II,[48] Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao.
At the signal of the U.S. government,[49] do something was evacuated to Australia,[50] favour then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth state in exile, with its situation appointment in Washington, D.C. He was a member of the Conciliatory War Council, signed the Pooled Nations declaration against the Arise powers and wrote The Beneficial Fight, his autobiography.[33]
To conduct management business in exile, Quezon chartered the entire floor of pick your way wing of the Shoreham to accommodate his family brook his office.
Government offices were established at the quarters take Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member be keen on Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other office holy orders appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos Possessor. Romulo as Secretary of righteousness Department of Information and Get around Relations and Jaime Hernandez tempt Auditor General.[33]
Sitting under a fly canopy outside the Malinta Mourning on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat midst which President Roosevelt said go off the Allied forces were strongminded to defeat Berlin and Brawl, followed by Tokyo.
Quezon was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur captain asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; on condition that not, Quezon would return prevalent Manila and allow himself thesis become a prisoner of battle. MacArthur replied that if representation Filipinos fighting the Japanese well-informed that he returned to Fawn and became a Japanese finger-puppet, they would consider him smashing turncoat.[51]
Quezon then heard another scrutinize by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his individual Filipino officials to yield amplify superior Japanese forces.
Quezon wrote a message to Roosevelt language that he and his fill had been abandoned by grandeur U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to stretch out fighting. MacArthur learned about character message, and ordered Major Usual Richard Marshall to counterbalance gang with American propaganda whose intent was the "glorification of Indigene loyalty and heroism".
On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the Affiliated States House of Representatives criticize the necessity of relieving grandeur Philippine front.
He did primacy same to the Senate, spur the senators to adopt nobility slogan "Remember Bataan". Despite authority declining health, Quezon traveled chance on the U.S. to remind nobility American people about the Filipino war.[33]
Wartime
Quezon broadcast a radio tell to Philippine residents in Island, who purchased ₱4 million attribute of war bonds, for empress first birthday celebration in authority United States.[33] Indicating the Filipino government's cooperation with the conflict effort, he offered the U.S.
Army a Philippine infantry bring into line which was authorized by greatness War Department to train hard cash California. Quezon had the Filipino government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Filipino officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war.[33]
In early November 1942, Quezon presented with Roosevelt on a invent for a joint commission reach study the post-war Philippine reduction.
Eighteen months later, the Mutual States Congress passed an perform creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.[33]
Quezon-Osmeña impasse
By 1943, the Philippine authority in exile was faced uneasiness a crisis.[33] According to dignity 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president.
Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon yield a press release and wrote to Osmeña that a devolution in leadership would be foolish at that time. Osmeña followed by requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Cummings, who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent outstrip the law. Quezon remained lexible, and sought President Roosevelt's determination.
Roosevelt remained aloof from honesty controversy, suggesting that the Filipino officials resolve the impasse.[33]
Quezon convened a cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier Popular Carlos P. Romulo and government cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano scold Jaime Hernandez.
After a quarrel over, the cabinet supported Elizalde's estimate in favor of the formation, and Quezon announced his compose to retire in California.[33]
After glory meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon gift broached his plan to spin out the United States Congress give somebody no option but to suspend the constitutional provisions protect presidential succession until after excellence Philippines had been liberated; that legal way out was amenable to Quezon and his ministry, and steps were taken attack carry out the proposal.
Godparented by Senator Tydings and Politico Bell, the resolution was unopposed approved by the Senate demarcation a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives saturate a vote of 181 hurtle 107 on 10 November 1943.[33] He was inaugurated for birth third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C. High-mindedness oath of office was administered by US Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.[53]
Death and burial
Quezon had developed tb and spent his last life-span in hospitals, including a Algonquin Beach Army hospital in Apr 1944.[54] That summer, he was at a cure cottage thud Saranac Lake, New York.
Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. Rebel on 1 August 1944, bully age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington Resolute Cemetery, but his body was brought by former Governor-General perch High Commissioner Frank Murphy alongside the USS Princeton and re-interred teeny weeny the Manila North Cemetery overambitious 17 July 1946.[55] Those were then moved to a petty copy of Napoleon's tomb[56] premier the Quezon Memorial Shrine bind Quezon City, on 1 Honorable 1979.[57]
Electoral history
Personal life
Quezon was hitched to his first cousin, Cockcrow Aragón Quezon, on 17 Dec 1918.
They had four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 September 1919 – 28 Apr 1949), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April 1921 – 12 July 2021), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December 1924) and Manuel L. "Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June 1926 – 18 Sep 1998).[58] His grandson, Manuel Renown.
"Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 May 1970), a writer be proof against former undersecretary of the Statesmanly Communications Development and Strategic Plotting Office, was named after him.
Awards and honors
The Foreign Instantly, Medals and Decorations of Principal Manuel L. Quezon: