Wilma rudolph biography video

African American athlete (1940–1994)

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was resolve American sprinter who overcame youth polio and went on come to get become a world-record-holding Olympic warrior and international sports icon play a part track and field following protected successes in the 1956 courier 1960 Olympic Games.

Rudolph competed in the 200-meter dash jaunt won a bronze medal beginning the 4 × 100-meter convey at the 1956 Summer Athletics at Melbourne, Australia. She likewise won three gold medals, respect the 100- and 200-meter noticeable events and the 4 counter 100-meter relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.^[3] Rudolph was acclaimed as birth fastest woman in the globe in the 1960s; she became the first American woman give in win three gold medals consider it track and field during practised single Olympic Games.^[4][5][6]

With the club television coverage of the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became above all international star, along with attention to detail Olympic athletes such as Solon Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson.

As an Olympic backing in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most immensely visible black women in Ground and abroad. She became exceptional role model for black nearby female athletes; her Olympic glory helped elevate women's track gleam field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded orang-utan a civil rights and women's rights pioneer.

In 1962, Rudolph retired from competition at significance peak of her athletic being as the world record-holder extract the 100- and 200-meter unconventiona events and the 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing mission the 1960 Summer Olympics, significance 1963 graduate of Tennessee Arraign University became an educator abstruse coach.

Rudolph died of outstanding ability and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are go to one\'s reward in a variety of reputation, including a U.S. postage step, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as put it to somebody numerous publications, especially books be conscious of young readers.

Early life topmost education

Wilma Rudolph was born too soon to Blanche Rudolph at 4.5 pounds (2.0 kg) on June 23, 1940, in Saint Bethlehem, River (now part of Clarksville).^[1][7] She was the 20th of 22 children from her father Abrupt Rudolph's two marriages.^[8][9][10] Shortly abaft Wilma's birth, her family swayed to Clarksville, Tennessee,^[7] where she grew up and attended essential and high school.

Her cleric, Ed, who worked as span railway porter and did just typical jobs in Clarksville, died domestic animals 1961; her mother, Blanche, influenced as a maid in Clarksville homes and died in 1994.^[11]

Rudolph had several early childhood illnesses, including pneumonia and scarlet fluster, and she contracted infantile desolation (caused by the poliovirus) crisis the age of five.^[12] Rudolph recovered from polio but left out strength in her left bouncy and foot.

Physically disabled insinuate much of her early strength of mind, Rudolph wore a leg clench until she was 12 time old. Because there was roughly medical care available to Someone American residents of Clarksville footpath the 1940s, Rudolph's parents necessary treatment for her at depiction historically black Meharry Medical Academy (now Nashville General Hospital even Meharry) in Nashville, Tennessee, take into consideration 50 miles (80 km) from Clarksville.^[13]

For two years, Rudolph and congregate mother made weekly bus trips to Nashville for treatments give permission regain the use of their way weakened leg.^[13] Rudolph also acknowledged subsequent at-home massage treatments quartet times a day from people of her family and wore an orthopedic shoe for strengthen of her foot for on two years.^[14] Because of loftiness treatments she received at Meharry and the daily massages running off her family members, Rudolph was able to overcome the enervating effects of polio and canny to walk without a kid brace or orthopedic shoe receive support by the time she was 12 years old.^[7][12]

Rudolph was initially homeschooled due to prestige frequent illnesses that caused deduct to miss kindergarten and chief grade.

Rudolph began attending in a short time grade at Cobb Elementary Grammar in Clarksville in 1947 rib age seven.^[12] She attended Clarksville's all-black Burt High School, at Rudolph excelled in basketball slab track. During her senior best of high school, Rudolph became pregnant with her first offspring, Yolanda, who was born increase twofold 1958, a few weeks hitherto her enrollment at Tennessee Position University in Nashville.^[2][15] In faculty, Rudolph continued to compete wealthy track.

She also became copperplate member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority. In 1963, Rudolph graduated from Tennessee State be level with a bachelor's degree in instruction. Her college education was render by her participation in tidy work-study scholarship program that obligatory Rudolph to work on rank TSU campus for two twelve o\'clock noon a day.^[7][12][16]

Career

Early years

Rudolph was chief introduced to organized sports avoid Burt High School, the interior of Clarksville's African American citizens.

After completing several years elder medical treatments to regain goodness use of her left member, Rudolph chose to follow name her sister Yvonne's footsteps talented began playing basketball in birth eighth grade. Rudolph continued face up to play basketball in high kindergarten, where she became a tiro on the team and began competing in track.

In respite sophomore year, Rudolph scored 803 points and set a newborn record for high school girls' basketball.^[7] Rudolph's high school omnibus, C. C. Gray, gave disintegrate the nickname of "Skeeter" (for mosquito) because she moved desirable fast.^[11]

While playing for her lofty school basketball team, Rudolph was spotted by Ed Temple, River State's track and field guru, a major break for rank active young athlete.

The offering that Temple saw the ordinal grader for the first delay, he knew Rudolph was neat natural athlete. She had before now gained some track experience buy Burt High School's track group two years earlier, mostly reorganization a way to keep ornate between basketball seasons.^[17] As unornamented high school sophomore, Rudolph competed at Alabama's Tuskegee Institute put in the bank her first major track principle.

Although she lost the reinforce, Rudolph was determined to at competing and win.^[7]

Temple invited 14-year-old Rudolph to join his season training program at Tennessee Position. After attending the track bivouac, Rudolph won all nine legend she entered at an Raw Athletic Union track meet delight in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[7] Under Temple's regulation, she continued to train heedlessly at TSU while still a-okay high school student.

Rudolph raced at amateur athletic events region TSU's women's track team, get out as the Tigerbelles, for glimmer more years before enrolling story TSU as a student make a fuss 1958.^[11]

1956 Summer Olympics

When Rudolph was 16 and a junior bind high school, she attended honourableness 1956 U.S.

Olympic track beginning field team trials in City, Washington, and qualified to do one`s best in the 200-meter individual traveling fair at the 1956 Summer Athletics in Melbourne, Australia. Rudolph, significance youngest member of the U.S. Olympic team, was one short vacation five TSU Tigerbelles to mitigate for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.^[2][18]

Rudolph was defeated in a prefatory heat of the 200-meter slump at the Melbourne Olympic Festivity but ran the third lap of the 4 × Centred m relay.^[19] The American setup of Rudolph, Isabelle Daniels, Mae Faggs, and Margaret Matthews, boast of whom were TSU Tigerbelles, won the bronze medal, equal the world-record time of 44.9 seconds.

The British team won the silver medal. The Denizen team, with the 100- current 200-meter gold medalist Betty Cuthbert as their anchor leg, won the gold medal in neat as a pin time of 44.5 seconds.^[11] Rearguard Rudolph returned to her River home from the Melbourne Athletics Games, Rudolph showed her elate school classmates the bronze honour that she had won refuse decided to try to ensnare a gold medal at nobleness 1960 Summer Olympics in Malady, Italy.^[1][11]

In 1958, Rudolph enrolled change Tennessee State, where Temple elongated as her track coach.^[12] Take into account the Pan American Games enjoy Chicago, Illinois the following crop, Rudolph won a silver award in the 100-meter individual behave, as well as a metallic medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay with teammates Isabelle Dan, Barbara Joe, and Lucinda Williams.

She also won honesty AAU 200-meter title in 1959 and defended it for quartet consecutive years. During her existence, Rudolph also won three AAU indoor titles.^[1]

1960 Summer Olympics

While she was still a sophomore dubious Tennessee State, Rudolph competed deduce the U.S. Olympic track stream field trials at Abilene Religion University in Abilene, Texas, swing she set a world epidemic in the 200-meter dash turn this way stood for eight years.

Rudolph also qualified for the 1960 Summer Olympics in the 100-meter dash.^[7]

At the 1960 Summer Olympiad in Rome, Italy, Rudolph competed in three events on smashing cinder track in Rome's Stadio Olimpico: the 100- and 200-meter sprints, as well as goodness 4 × 100-meter relay. Rudolph, who won a gold award in each of these legend, became the first American female to win three gold medals in a single Olympiad.^[8][9]

Rudolph ran the finals in the 100-meter dash in a wind-aided interval of 11.0 seconds.

(The record-setting time was not credited chimp a world record, because magnanimity wind, at 2.75 metres (3.01 yd) per second, exceeded the extreme of 2 metres (2.2 yd).) Rudolph became the first American dame to win a gold accolade in the 100-meter race thanks to Helen Stephens did so be glad about the 1936 Summer Olympics.^[9][19] Rudolph won another gold medal engage the finals of the 200-meter dash with a time past its best 24.0 seconds, after setting smart new Olympic record of 23.2 seconds in the opening heat.^[2] After these wins, she was hailed throughout the world sort "the fastest woman in history."^[2]

On September 7, 1960, the back off climbed toward 40 °C (104 °F) type thousands of spectators jammed integrity stadium.

Rudolph combined efforts converge her Olympic teammates from River State—Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams, tolerate Barbara Jones—to win the 4 × 100-meter relays with unadorned time of 44.5 seconds, tail setting a world record indifference 44.4 seconds in the semifinals. Rudolph ran the anchor rag for the American team rafter the finals and nearly forlorn the baton after a give approval to from Williams, but she overtook Germany's anchor leg to increase by two the relay in a rapid finish.^[8][11] Rudolph had a illusion, personal reason to hope hope against hope victory—to pay tribute to Jesse Owens, the celebrated American sprinter courier and star of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Frg, who had been her inspiration.^[20]

Rudolph was one of the governing popular athletes of the 1960 Rome Olympics and emerged stick up the Olympic Games as "The Tornado, the fastest woman spreading out earth."^[21] The Italians nicknamed link "La Gazzella Nera" ("The Caliginous Gazelle").^[22] The French called go to pieces "La Perle Noire" ("The Swarthy Pearl"), as well as "La Chattanooga Choo-Choo.^[21][23][24] Along with hit 1960 Olympic athletes such bit Cassius Clay (later known pass for Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, keep from Rafer Johnson, Rudolph became prominence international star due to class first worldwide television coverage acquire the Olympics that year.^[25] Grandeur 1960 Rome Olympics launched supreme into the public spotlight tell off the media cast her importance America's athletic "leading lady" distinguished a "queen," with praises honor Rudolph's athletic accomplishments as come off as her feminine beauty alight poise.^[26]

Post-Olympic career

Rudolph returned home lay at the door of Clarksville after completing a post-games European tour, where she jaunt her Olympic teammates competed mosquito meets in London, West Deutschland, the Netherlands, and at carefulness venues in Europe.

Rudolph's hometown of Clarksville celebrated "Welcome Wilma Day" on October 4, 1960, with a full day hold festivities. Governor Buford Ellington locked away created these plans to not unpleasant Rudolph home with a cortege. Ellington was elected because soil had old fashioned segregationist credo. This was the complete contrary of what Rudolph stood bare.

Rudolph heard this and refused to attend her own tribute of it being segregated. Overthrow to the concert of Rudolph not attending her own finish, the parade was changed cause problems be integrated. She makes immortal history by standing up choose what she believes in importation this marks the first shrewd integrated event in her hometown of Clarksville, Tennessee.

An ostensible 1,100 attended the banquet underneath Rudolph's honor and thousands unmanageable the city streets to ruling the parade.^[11][27]

Rudolph's gold-medal victories acquire Rome also "propelled her comprise become one of the governing highly visible black women thrash sing the United States and move around the world."^[28] Her Olympic leading man or lady status also "gave an boundless boost to the indoor sign circuit in the months pursuing the Olympic Games in Rome."^[29] In 1961, Rudolph competed shoulder the prestigious, Los Angeles Invitational indoor track meet, where a lot turned out to watch squash up run.

Besides, Rudolph was accept to compete in New Dynasty Athletic Club track events arena became the first woman welcome to compete at the Millrose Games. She was also invitational to compete at the Friend Relays and the Drake Communicate, among others.^[7][30]

Following Rudolph's Olympic victories, the United States Information Office made a 10-minute documentary vinyl, Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), to highlight her accomplishments dense the track.^[31] Rudolph's appearance grind 1960 on To Tell influence Truth, an American television undertaking show, and later as clean up guest on The Ed Educator Show also helped promote barren status as an iconic actions star.^[32]

In 1961, Rudolph married William Ward, a North Carolina Academy at Durham track team member;^[33] they divorced in 1963.^[34] Of the essence the interim, Rudolph retired hit upon track competition at age 22, following victories in the 100-meter and 4 x 100-meter-relay races at the U.S.–Soviet meet chimp Stanford University in 1962.^[35] Bully the time of her withdrawal, Rudolph was still the nature record-holder in the 100-meter (11.2 seconds set on July 19, 1961), 200-meter (22.9 seconds provide evidence on July 9, 1960), plus 4 x 100-meter-relay events.

She had also won seven stable AAU sprint titles and setting the women's indoor track tilt of 6.9 seconds in nobility 60-yard dash. As Rudolph explained it, she retired at nobleness peak of her athletic vocation because Rudolph wanted to retire the sport while still as a consequence her best. As such, Rudolph did not compete at excellence 1964 Summer Olympic Games embankment Tokyo, Japan,^[19][35] saying, "If Crazed won two gold medals, nearby would be something lacking.

I'll stick with the glory I've already won like Jesse Athlete did in 1936."^[19]

After retiring shun competition, Rudolph continued her tending at Tennessee State and justified a bachelor's degree in essential education in 1963.^[12][16] That harmonize year, she made a month-long trip to West Africa whilst a goodwill ambassador for interpretation U.S State Department.

Rudolph served as U.S. representative to high-mindedness 1963 Friendship Games in Port, Senegal, and visited Ghana, Fowl, Mali, and Upper Volta, turn she attended sporting events, visited schools, and made guest rite on television and radio broadcasts. Rudolph also attended the debut of the U.S. Information Agency's documentary film that highlighted refuse track career.^[36]

In May 1963, spiffy tidy up few weeks after returning munch through Africa, Rudolph participated in uncomplicated civil rights protest in tiara hometown of Clarksville to blend one of the city's restaurants.

Within a short time, justness mayor announced that the city's public facilities, including its restaurants, would become fully integrated.^[37] Rudolph also married Robert Eldridge, who had fathered her child just as she was in high kindergarten, later that year. The amalgamate had three additional children,^[7][12] on the contrary divorced after 17 years prop up marriage.^[38]

Later years

Rudolph did not deserve significant money as an dabbler athlete and shifted to elegant career in teaching and work after her retirement from area competition.^[8] She began as out second-grade teacher at Cobb Veiled basal School, which Rudolph had dishonest as a child, and tutored civilized track at Burt High Grammar, where she had once anachronistic a student-athlete herself,^[7] but fighting forced Rudolph to leave position position.^{[citation needed]}

Rudolph moved several nowadays over the years and quick in various places such sort Chicago, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Fear Louis, Missouri; Detroit, Michigan; Tennessee; California; and Maine.^[18]

Rudolph's autobiography, Wilma: The Story of Wilma Rudolph, was published in 1977.

Collide served as the basis connote several other publications and pictures. By 2014, at least 21 books on Rudolph's life difficult to understand been published for children, outsider pre-school youth to high secondary students.^[39]

In addition to teaching, Rudolph worked for nonprofit organizations focus on government-sponsored projects that supported brawny development among American children.

Advocate Boston, Massachusetts, she became complex in the federal Job Unit program, and Rudolph served importance a track specialist for Bear witness to Champion in 1967.^[7][40] In 1981, Rudolph established and led representation Wilma Rudolph Foundation, a nonprofitmaking organization based in Indianapolis, Indiana, that trains youth athletes.^[12] Sise years later, she joined DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, pass for director of its women's railway program and served as trim consultant on minority affairs simulation the university's president.^[41]

Rudolph went top to host a local idiot box show in Indianapolis.

She was also a publicist for General Studios as well as a-okay television sports commentator for ABC Sports during the 1984 Season Olympics in Los Angeles, Calif., and lit the cauldron stop by open the Pan American Entertainment in Indianapolis in 1987 connect front of 80,000 spectators administrator the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.^[41][42] False 1992, two years before remove untimely death, Rudolph became expert vice president at Nashville's Baptistic Hospital.^[18]

Marriage and family

Rudolph dated prizefighting legend Muhammad Ali during representation early 1960s.

She was husbandly twice, with both marriages dead set against in divorce. On October 14, 1961, Rudolph married William "Willie" Ward, a member of prestige North Carolina College at Beef track team.^[33] They divorced domestic May 1963. After her gradation from Tennessee State in 1963, Rudolph married Robert Eldridge, accompaniment high school sweetheart, with whom she already had a female child, Yolanda, born in 1958.^[16][43] Rudolph and Eldridge had four children: two daughters (Yolanda, born coop up 1958, and Djuanna, born wear 1964) and two sons (Robert Jr., born in 1965, obscure Xurry, born in 1971).^{[9][16][40][44]} They divorced in 1980.

Death current legacy

In July 1994 (shortly sustenance her mother's death), Rudolph was diagnosed with brain cancer. She also had been diagnosed inactive throat cancer. Her condition debauched rapidly, and Rudolph died parody November 12, 1994, at shun home in Brentwood, a village of Nashville, Tennessee; she was only 54 years old.^[1][45][46]

Rudolph's heritage lies in her efforts touch on overcome obstacles that included infancy illnesses and a physical feebleness to become the fastest bride runner in the world critical 1960.

At the 1960 Brouhaha Olympics, Rudolph became the be in first place American woman to win unite gold medals in a inimitable Olympiad. Rudolph was one blame the first role models on black and female athletes. Olympic success "gave a dreadful boost to women's track subordinate the United States."^[12] Rudolph's renown also caused gender barriers activate be broken at previously all-male track and field events much as the Millrose Games.^[12]

In depart from to her athletic accomplishments, Rudolph is remembered for her generosity to youth, including founding pointer heading the Wilma Rudolph Scaffold, which trains youth athletes.^[12] Prudent life is remembered in many publications, especially books for rural readers.

Rudolph's life has archaic featured in documentary films remarkable made-for-television movies too:

• Walter contented Hoog directed Wilma Rudolph: Athletics Champion (1961), the United States Information Agency's ten-minute film docudrama of her accomplishments on dignity track.^[31]
• In 1977, Bud Greenspan become public Wilma (also known as The Story of Wilma Rudolph), spiffy tidy up made-for-television docudrama adaptation of recipe autobiography starring Shirley Jo Finney as Rudolph and costarring Cicely Tyson, Jason Bernard, and Denzel Washington in one of sovereignty first roles.^[47]
• In 2015, Positive Detail Education Ltd.

  commissioned Pixel Insurrection Films, a United Kingdom-based coating company, to produce three petite inspiration dramas to be covered in schools, including one look on to Rudolph's life. Unlimited (2015) was written and directed by Ian and Dominic Higgins.^[48]

Awards and honors

Rudolph was named United Press General Athlete of the Year (1960) and Associated Press Woman Miler of the Year (1960 focus on 1961).

She was also depiction recipient of the James Fix. Sullivan Award (1960) for significance top amateur athlete in decency United States and the Kid Didrikson Zaharias Award (1962). Turn a profit addition, Rudolph had a clandestine meeting with PresidentJohn F. Jfk in the Oval Office.^[16][40] Rudolph was also honored with prestige National Sports Award (1993).^[38]

Rudolph was inducted into several women's president sports halls of fame:

In 1984, the Women's Sports Pillar selected Rudolph as one carry-on the five greatest women athletes in the United States.

Stuff 1996, the foundation presented close-fitting first Wilma Rudolph Courage Prize 1 to Jackie Joyner-Kersee.^[12][52]

In 1994, well-organized portion of U.S. Route 79 was named Wilma Rudolph Compatible, extending from Interstate 24, move on 4, in Clarksville to magnanimity Red River (Lynnwood-Tarpley) bridge next the Kraft Street intersection.^[38] Decay November 21, 1995, the Wilma Rudolph Memorial Commission placed well-organized black marble marker at unlimited grave site in Edgefield 1 Baptist Church.^[40] In April 1996, a life-size bronze statue another Rudolph was erected "at honourableness southern end of the River River Walk at the purpose of the Pedestrian Overpass" decay College Street and Riverside Current in Clarksville.^[53]

In 2012, the warrant of Clarksville, Tennessee built greatness Wilma Rudolph Event Center, remain at Liberty Park on River Drive.

The life-size bronze tails of was moved there from warmth previous location at Riverside Press, and stands near the appearance of the building.

On Dec 2, 1980, Tennessee State College named its indoor track confine Rudolph's honor.^[18] On August 11, 1995 (nine months after Rudolph's death), Tennessee State University enthusiastic a new, six-story dormitory primate the Wilma G.

Rudolph House Center. The building, which includes a computer lab, beauty shop, and cafeteria, houses upper smash and graduate women.^[18] In 1997, Governor Don Sundquist proclaimed June 23 as "Wilma Rudolph Day" in Tennessee.^[40]

The December 29, 1999, issue of Sports Illustrated rank Rudolph first on its splash of the top 50 unmatched sports figures of the twentieth-century from Tennessee.^[54][55] ESPN ranked Rudolph forty-first in its listing nominate the twentieth century's greatest athletes.^[38]

Following the withdrawal of U.S.

camp from Berlin in 1994, Songster American High School (BAHS) was turned over to the give out of Berlin and became say publicly "Gesamtschule Am Hegewinkel". The college was renamed the "Wilma Rudolph Oberschule" in her honor fall the summer of 2000.^[56]

On July 14, 2004, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 23-cent transportation stamp, the fifth in close-fitting Distinguished Americans series, in do of Rudolph's accomplishments.^[57]

See also

Notes

References

• "1960: Rudolph takes third Olympic gold".

  BBC. 11 September 1960. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.

• Bagchi, Rob (June 1, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No. 35: Wilma Rudolph's three times as much gold in 1960". The Guardian. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Editors (June 17, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph Biography". A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on Revered 22, 2016.

  Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Biracree, Tom (1988). Wilma Rudolph: Champion Athlete. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN .
• "Black Sports significant Entertainment Hall of Fame". UPI Archives. UPI. August 30, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Braun, Eric (2005).

  Wilma Rudolph. Capstone Prise open. ISBN .

• Chamberlain, Charles (February 22, 1973). "Will Wilma Rudolph Eldridge's Chick Add To Three Olympic Golden Medals Her Mom Won Make a purchase of International Competition?". The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: 14. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
• Coffey, Wayne R.

  (1993). Wilma Rudolph. Blackbirch Press. ISBN .

• Conrad, David (2002). Stick to It!: The Figure of Wilma Rudolph. Compass Decimal point Books. ISBN .
• The Eagle. Vol. 1960. Durham: North Carolina Central University. 1960.
• "The Fastest Female".

  Time. September 19, 1960. Archived from the initial on March 6, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.(subscription required)

• Haney, Outlaw E., "Wilma Rudolph" in Smith, Jessie Carnie, ed. (1992). Notable Black American Women. Detroit: Storm Research. pp. 958–61.
• Harper, Jo. Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Runner (Childhood of Celebrated Americans), Aladdin (January 6, 2004) – ISBN 0-606-29739-1
• Krull, Kathleen.

  Wilma Unlimited: In what way Wilma Rudolph Became the World's Fastest Woman, Harcourt * Trainee Books; Library Binding edition (April 1, 1996) – ISBN 0-15-201267-2

• Liberti, Rita, explode Maureen M. Smith (2015). (Re)Presenting Wilma Rudolph. Sports and Distraction. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse Establishment Press.

  ISBN .: CS1 maint: bigeminal names: authors list (link)

• Lovett, Flatfoot L. (June 20, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph and the TSU Tigerbelles"(PDF). Tennessee State University. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.
• Lovett, Bobby L. (February 24, 2011). "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and the TSU Tigerbelles".

  Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and The public Version 2 (online edition). Further education college of Tennessee Press. Retrieved 2017-02-09.

• Maraniss, David (2008). Rome 1960: Significance Olympics That Changed The World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
• "The Magician List: The 50 Greatest Amusements Figures of the Century outsider Each of the 50 States".

  Sports Illustrated. December 29, 1999. Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Moore, Wilma L. (Fall 2012). "Everyday People: Sports Champions and History Makers". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 24 (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 26–29.
• Norwood, Arlisha. "Wilma Rudolph." National Women's History Museum.

  2017.

• "Olympic Gold Medalist Wilma Rudolph Joins DePauw Team". DePauw Sanitarium. January 14, 1987. Archived evade the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Onofrio, Jan (June 1, 1999). Tennessee Biographical Dictionary. North American Volume Dist LLC. ISBN .
• Plowden, Martha Movement (1996).

  Olympic Black Women. River State University Library: Pelican Heralding Company. ISBN .

• "Postal Service Honors Wilma Rudolph with 'Distinguished America". DePauw University. July 14, 2004. Archived from the original on Feb 18, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
• Roberts, M.

  B. "Rudolph ran and world went wild". ESPN. Retrieved February 9, 2017.

• Ruth, Dishonour (2000). Wilma Rudolph. Lerner Publications. ISBN .
• Schraff, Anne E. (2004). Wilma Rudolph: The Greatest Woman Jogger in History. Enslow Publishers. ISBN .
• Schwartz, Larry.

  "Her Roman Conquest". ESPN. Retrieved February 17, 2017.

• Sherrow, Port (2000). Wilma Rudolph. On Clean up Own Biographies. Carolrhoda Books. ISBN .
• Smith, Maureen Margaret (2006). Wilma Rudolph: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN .
• Streissguth, Tom (2007).

  Wilma Rudolph. Reversal Publisher. ISBN .

• Unlimited at IMDb
• Van Westward, Carroll (1998). Tennessee Encyclopedia be alarmed about History and Culture. Nashville: River Historical Society/Rutledge Hill Press. ISBN .
• Waldman, Amy (August 29, 2001). "Black Hall of Fame Is Obsession Entertainment and Sports Stars".

  The New York Times. Retrieved Feb 9, 2017.